Selenium Tutorial для Начинающих 2026: Полное Руководство по WebDriver

# Установить Selenium
pip install selenium

# Установить WebDriver Manager (авто-загрузка драйверов)
pip install webdriver-manager

# test_first.py
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.chrome.service import Service
from webdriver_manager.chrome import ChromeDriverManager

# Автоматическое управление драйверами
driver = webdriver.Chrome(service=Service(ChromeDriverManager().install()))

driver.get("https://example.com")
print(f"Заголовок страницы: {driver.title}")

driver.quit()

<!-- pom.xml -->
<dependencies>
    <dependency>
        <groupId>org.seleniumhq.selenium</groupId>
        <artifactId>selenium-java</artifactId>
        <version>4.18.1</version>
    </dependency>
    <dependency>
        <groupId>io.github.bonigarcia</groupId>
        <artifactId>webdrivermanager</artifactId>
        <version>5.7.0</version>
    </dependency>
</dependencies>

// FirstTest.java
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
import io.github.bonigarcia.wdm.WebDriverManager;

public class FirstTest {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        WebDriverManager.chromedriver().setup();
        WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();

        driver.get("https://example.com");
        System.out.println("Заголовок: " + driver.getTitle());

        driver.quit();
    }
}

from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By

# По ID (быстрее всего, надежнее всего)
driver.find_element(By.ID, "username")

# По CSS Selector (гибко, читаемо)
driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "button.submit-btn")
driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "[data-testid='login']")

# По XPath (когда CSS не работает)
driver.find_element(By.XPATH, "//button[contains(text(), 'Submit')]")
driver.find_element(By.XPATH, "//div[@class='form']//input[@type='email']")

# По Link Text
driver.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, "Forgot Password?")
driver.find_element(By.PARTIAL_LINK_TEXT, "Forgot")

import org.openqa.selenium.By;

// По ID
driver.findElement(By.id("username"));

// По CSS Selector
driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("button.submit-btn"));
driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("[data-testid='login']"));

// По XPath
driver.findElement(By.xpath("//button[contains(text(), 'Submit')]"));

// По Link Text
driver.findElement(By.linkText("Forgot Password?"));

from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait
from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By

wait = WebDriverWait(driver, 10)  # Макс 10 секунд

# Ждать, пока элемент станет кликабельным
button = wait.until(EC.element_to_be_clickable((By.ID, "submit")))
button.click()

# Ждать, пока элемент станет видимым
message = wait.until(EC.visibility_of_element_located((By.CLASS_NAME, "success")))

# Ждать, пока элемент исчезнет
wait.until(EC.invisibility_of_element_located((By.ID, "loading")))

# Ждать появления текста
wait.until(EC.text_to_be_present_in_element((By.ID, "status"), "Complete"))

# Кастомное условие
wait.until(lambda d: len(d.find_elements(By.CLASS_NAME, "item")) > 5)

import org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.WebDriverWait;
import org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.ExpectedConditions;
import java.time.Duration;

WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(driver, Duration.ofSeconds(10));

// Ждать кликабельности
WebElement button = wait.until(
    ExpectedConditions.elementToBeClickable(By.id("submit"))
);
button.click();

// Ждать видимости
WebElement message = wait.until(
    ExpectedConditions.visibilityOfElementLocated(By.className("success"))
);

// Ждать исчезновения
wait.until(ExpectedConditions.invisibilityOfElementLocated(By.id("loading")));

# tests/test_login.py
import pytest
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait
from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC
from selenium.webdriver.chrome.service import Service
from webdriver_manager.chrome import ChromeDriverManager

class TestLogin:
    def setup_method(self):
        self.driver = webdriver.Chrome(
            service=Service(ChromeDriverManager().install())
        )
        self.driver.implicitly_wait(0)  # Отключить implicit waits
        self.wait = WebDriverWait(self.driver, 10)

    def teardown_method(self):
        self.driver.quit()

    def test_successful_login(self):
        self.driver.get("https://example.com/login")

        # Заполнить форму
        email_input = self.wait.until(
            EC.visibility_of_element_located((By.ID, "email"))
        )
        email_input.send_keys("user@example.com")

        password_input = self.driver.find_element(By.ID, "password")
        password_input.send_keys("password123")

        # Отправить форму
        submit_btn = self.driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "[type='submit']")
        submit_btn.click()

        # Проверить редирект на dashboard
        self.wait.until(EC.url_contains("/dashboard"))

        welcome_message = self.wait.until(
            EC.visibility_of_element_located((By.CLASS_NAME, "welcome"))
        )
        assert "Welcome" in welcome_message.text

    def test_invalid_credentials(self):
        self.driver.get("https://example.com/login")

        self.wait.until(
            EC.visibility_of_element_located((By.ID, "email"))
        ).send_keys("invalid@example.com")

        self.driver.find_element(By.ID, "password").send_keys("wrongpass")
        self.driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "[type='submit']").click()

        error_message = self.wait.until(
            EC.visibility_of_element_located((By.CLASS_NAME, "error"))
        )
        assert "Invalid credentials" in error_message.text

# pages/login_page.py
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait
from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC

class LoginPage:
    URL = "https://example.com/login"

    # Локаторы
    EMAIL_INPUT = (By.ID, "email")
    PASSWORD_INPUT = (By.ID, "password")
    SUBMIT_BUTTON = (By.CSS_SELECTOR, "[type='submit']")
    ERROR_MESSAGE = (By.CLASS_NAME, "error")

    def __init__(self, driver):
        self.driver = driver
        self.wait = WebDriverWait(driver, 10)

    def open(self):
        self.driver.get(self.URL)
        self.wait.until(EC.visibility_of_element_located(self.EMAIL_INPUT))
        return self

    def login(self, email: str, password: str):
        self.driver.find_element(*self.EMAIL_INPUT).send_keys(email)
        self.driver.find_element(*self.PASSWORD_INPUT).send_keys(password)
        self.driver.find_element(*self.SUBMIT_BUTTON).click()

    def get_error_message(self) -> str:
        error = self.wait.until(
            EC.visibility_of_element_located(self.ERROR_MESSAGE)
        )
        return error.text

# tests/test_login_pom.py
import pytest
from pages.login_page import LoginPage
from pages.dashboard_page import DashboardPage

class TestLoginPOM:
    def test_successful_login(self, driver):
        login_page = LoginPage(driver)
        login_page.open()
        login_page.login("user@example.com", "password123")

        dashboard = DashboardPage(driver)
        assert dashboard.is_loaded()
        assert "Welcome" in dashboard.get_welcome_text()

    def test_invalid_login(self, driver):
        login_page = LoginPage(driver)
        login_page.open()
        login_page.login("invalid@example.com", "wrongpass")

        assert "Invalid credentials" in login_page.get_error_message()

from selenium.webdriver.chrome.options import Options

options = Options()
options.add_argument("--headless=new")
options.add_argument("--no-sandbox")
options.add_argument("--disable-dev-shm-usage")
options.add_argument("--window-size=1920,1080")

driver = webdriver.Chrome(options=options)

# .github/workflows/selenium-tests.yml
name: Selenium Tests

on: [push, pull_request]

jobs:
  test:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest

    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4

      - name: Set up Python
        uses: actions/setup-python@v5
        with:
          python-version: '3.11'

      - name: Install dependencies
        run: |
          pip install selenium pytest webdriver-manager

      - name: Run tests
        run: pytest tests/ -v --tb=short

      - name: Upload screenshots
        if: failure()
        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
        with:
          name: screenshots
          path: screenshots/